One of the things I love about being a technical consultant is that I’m encouraged to learn new things, even if they don’t directly relate to my projects. Over the past year one of those technologies has been Salesforce: first with my Platform Developer 1 …
23,833 Followers Would I, unprompted, ever go to a kickboxing gym? Probably not. Would I do it for Instagram? Absolutely The Approach I received a message from a mixed martial arts studio in Dallas offering free classes to influencers. I thought this was an interesting …
Good writers make you think, great writers make you want to change the world around you. I would argue without hesitation that Cathy O’Neil is a great writer, and with a PhD in Mathematics from Harvard you can rest assured that she knows what she’s talking about.
Her book, Weapons of Math Destruction tackles one of the tech world’s hottest phrases of the decade: Big Data.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), mobile, social and Internet of Things (IoT) are driving data complexity, new forms and sources of data. Big data analytics is the use of advanced analytic techniques against very large, diverse data sets that include structured, semi-structured and unstructured data, from different sources, and in different sizes from terabytes to zettabytes.
Big data is a term applied to data sets whose size or type is beyond the ability of traditional relational databases to capture, manage, and process the data with low-latency. And it has one or more of the following characteristics – high volume, high velocity, or high variety. Big data comes from sensors, devices, video/audio, networks, log files, transactional applications, web, and social media – much of it generated in real-time and in a very large-scale.
Analyzing big data allows analysts, researchers, and business users to make better and faster decisions using data that was previously inaccessible or unusable. Using advanced analytics techniques such as text analytics, machine learning, predictive analytics, data mining, statistics, and natural language processing, businesses can analyze previously untapped data sources independent or together with their existing enterprise data to gain new insights resulting in better and faster decisions.
– IBM
Big Data is being used in the modern world for anything and everything you could think of: it’s used to develop marketing campaigns, determines what Netflix suggests you watch next, predicts the spread of diseases, and it’s the reason why airline flights are more expensive on certain days (no one can quite agree on which days for very long). “Data Mining” is a hot topic as people try to identify patterns and use them in an ever-increasing number of fields.
O’Neil isn’t interested in Netflix suggestions, however, she’s far more concerned about the way data is being used to target certain populations through harmful proxy measurements. Proxies can seem like a good idea because they can be used to “measure” things that are subjective (e.g. how responsible a person is), but can turn destructive when the proxy can also be indicative of things that are largely outside of a person’s control (e.g. socioeconomic status).
A frequent example of a bad proxy measurement in the WOMD is the use of credit scores to judge people: a bad credit score may be interpreted as an indication that a person lacks financial responsibility, but it could just as easily indicate that someone is going through tough times due to circumstances beyond their control. If an employer weeds out an application based on the candidate’s credit score without even talking to the person, they’re inevitably missing out on potentially good employees while also preventing that person from earning money that could go towards improving their score. If enough employers rely on this proxy measurement, then what’s the chance that a candidate will ever find a job?
Many of the examples in the book rely on algorithms being able to cut people out of the equation in order to save time and energy: a school that wants to weed out 3/4 of applications, a police department that only wants to focus on the most dangerous parts of the city, an employer that only wants to spend time interviewing “qualified” applicants. The people who are denied access (or targeted) often don’t even know why they were disqualified, and the people relying on the algorithms will never know what they’re missing out on for the sake of efficiency. By using these flawed algorithms, those relying on them are acting a way that is systematically prejudiced against certain groups (systematic in the purest technological sense of the word, because even the humans utilizing them may not totally understand how they were designed).
In reading Weapons of Math Destruction, I began to think about how the applications programmers create can be biased in ways that aren’t commonly thought about but could be equally harmful.
In my university’s Graphics & User Interface (GUI) class we talked about accessibility for all of one class period. The focus was on color schemes and the colorblind: if you make a website with red on a green background, that will render it totally useless for about 8% of Northern European men. I’m happy that I learned to take that 8% into consideration, but there are other groups that we aren’t talking about.
One of the groups that’s been haunting me in particular is people who don’t have personal computers. In 2014 a study confirmed that the group most likely to use internet at public library are those living at or below the poverty line who generally do not have a computer at home.
According to the Gates Foundation, in 2010 seventy-seven million people used internet at public libraries in the United States; that’s almost 24% of the population (a huge percentage that was never discussed in any of my computer science classes).
What did those people use the internet for?
I don’t know a lot about internet at public libraries, but I would imagine that most of them aren’t operating on Google Fiber. As a developer in a first world country, I know that I’m personally accustomed to working with the best computers (and acceptable internet) that my company can get its hands on – this means that when I’m testing my software I’m generally not thinking about how long it takes someone on a 5-year-old computer to do the exact same thing.
If your website is aimed at providing a service for people, then make sure it’s providing that service for all people. More than once I’ve cursed at a website that takes a minute to render or I’ve just given up on looking at it altogether (I’m looking at you, Invision).
Chalk it up to Capitalism, but it seems like websites that generate major revenue are rarely down, whereas websites offering free or affordable services for people suffer from poor architecture and testing strategies.
Do you remember the Obamacare website that crashed when people tried to sign up for health insurance?
“The problem has been that the website that’s supposed to make it easy to apply for and purchase the insurance is not working the way it should for everybody,” Obama said. “There’s no sugar-coating it. The website has been too slow. People have been getting stuck during the application process. And I think it’s fair to say that nobody is more frustrated by that than I am.”
You know who was probably more frustrated than the President? Single moms using public computers during their lunch hour who were trying to sign up for health insurance and couldn’t when they finally had the time to do so. I know people who will give up their access to whole websites just because they forgot their password information; how many people do you think ended up not signing up for health insurance because the website’s architecture wasn’t built to scale well? We will never know the answer to that because much like the employers who use algorithms to cut people out of the application process, developers usually only see the people who made it through successfully. Unless you have monitoring software or very vocal customers, you aren’t going to get a lot of valuable feedback on why people quit halfway through.
The Obamacare website got a lot of publicity because it involved a large government initiative, but there are other websites that are equally necessary that go down without notice or have unexplained latency issues.
Besides just being frustrated, we (developers) need to hold ourselves and our websites to higher standards. Engage in not just appropriate testing practices, but go overboard in how thorough we are in developing user profiles.
Weapons of Math Destruction by Cathy O’Neil is a great quick and simple read. You don’t have to have a PhD in mathematics to appreciate her illustrations and writing style, but the concepts are far-reaching in our modern world. You can buy it here
Amazon Ranking: #11,008 Do you listen to Reply All? Did you listen to today’s? Weren’t you blogging about how amazon reviews are rigged? Well, that’s today’s episode! This was the series of texts I got from one of my friends who keeps up to date …
22,300 Followers As with all of my posts that seem to be popular: I didn’t expect this one to be such a hit. It was just another morning before work as I frantically tried to think of a question that I hadn’t already asked before …
I’ve been busy this spring and slowed down on the Amazon Review project (as you can tell by the increase in my ranking), but with summer and a little extra time I’m reviving it. Part of that revival includes a better way to track my ranking data on Amazon. Unlike Instagram, Amazon doesn’t have a huge flock of developers trying to exploit user APIs (Product APIs? Absolutely) so I had to do a little bit of digging to figure out where I could get the relevant profile information. The answer came in the form of two network calls:
GET https://www.amazon.com/hz/gamification/api/contributor/dashboard/amzn1.account.{accountID}
This includes your review count as well as your helpful votes count
[pastacode lang=”javascript” manual=”%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%22profileWidgetHeader%22%3A%20%22Insights%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%22ideaList%22%3A%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22ideaListHeartsData%22%3A%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22count%22%3A%20%220%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22text%22%3A%20%22hearts%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22url%22%3A%20%22%2Fideas%2Famzn1.account.AHXLXOK2YYA2RAWEREWRWERWER%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22visibilityText%22%3A%20%22Public%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22metric%22%3A%20%22idealist_hearts%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22ideaListData%22%3A%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22count%22%3A%20%220%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22text%22%3A%20%22idea%20lists%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22url%22%3A%20%22%2Fideas%2Famzn1.account.AHXLXOK2YYA2RAWEREWRWERWER%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22visibilityText%22%3A%20%22Public%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22metric%22%3A%20%22idealist%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%22helpfulVotes%22%3A%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22helpfulVotesData%22%3A%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22count%22%3A%20%22427%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22text%22%3A%20%22helpful%20votes%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22url%22%3A%20%22%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22visibilityText%22%3A%20%22Public%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22metric%22%3A%20%22helpful_votes%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%22reviews%22%3A%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22reviewsCountData%22%3A%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22count%22%3A%20%2287%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22text%22%3A%20%22reviews%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22url%22%3A%20%22%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22visibilityText%22%3A%20%22Public%22%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22metric%22%3A%20%22reviews%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%22programStatus%22%3A%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22helpfulVotes%22%3A%201%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22reviews%22%3A%201%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22ideaList%22%3A%201%2C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22follow%22%3A%200%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%7D” message=”Amazon Contributor Dashboard Call Response” highlight=”21, 30″ provider=”manual”/]
and GET https://www.amazon.com/gp/profile/amzn1.account.{accountID}
This one returns an HTML page with a script in it that returns your ranking. It’s ugly and long and I’ll only include part of the response here
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message=”HTML Dump of profile” highlight=”” provider=”manual”/]
In order to make this script work for you, you’ll need your amazon account ID. You can find this in the URL of your browser when you navigate to your profile page. It’s a series of letters and numbers that looks something like “ASDFSIOUWEJKLDCI323WE” (you can ignore the ?ie=UTF8&ref_=ya_d_l_profile part at the end of the URL)
Much like last week’s guide on Instagram statistics, I made a CSV file with the header data I want that will be the repository for all the data I’m collecting
[pastacode lang=”markup” manual=”Date%2C%20Day%2CUser%20Rank%2CHelpful%20Votes%2C%20Reviews%2C” message=”zoraAmazonStats.csv” highlight=”” provider=”manual”/]
Then I started getting into the python script
[pastacode lang=”python” manual=”%23%20-*-%20coding%3A%20utf-8%20-*-%0Aimport%20urllib2%2C%20urlparse%2C%20json%2C%20time%2C%20re%0A%0AzoraAmazonId%20%3D%20’AEOCZPH3CWEXS26HBX6SCV56DD2Q’%0A%0A%23%20Method%20to%20retrieve%20the%20data%20for%20the%20file%0Adef%20amazonReviewStats(profileId)%3A%0A%09%23%20Call%20that%20returns%20the%20votes%20and%20review%20count%20data%0A%20%20%20%20url%3D’https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fhz%2Fgamification%2Fapi%2Fcontributor%2Fdashboard%2Famzn1.account.’%2B%20profileId%0A%20%20%20%20contents%3Durllib2.urlopen(url).read()%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%09%23%20Parses%20the%20string%20response%20into%20JSON%0A%09userContent%20%3D%20json.loads(contents)%0A%20%20%20%20helpfulVotes%20%3D%20userContent%5B’helpfulVotes’%5D%5B’helpfulVotesData’%5D%5B’count’%5D%0A%20%20%20%20reviewCount%20%3D%20userContent%5B’reviews’%5D%5B’reviewsCountData’%5D%5B’count’%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%09%23%20Gets%20current%20Day%20and%20Date%0A%09day%20%3D%20time.strftime(%22%25a%22)%0A%20%20%20%20date%20%3D%20time.strftime(%22%25m%2F%25d%2F%25Y%22)%0A%0A%09%23%20Call%20that%20returns%20the%20HTML%C2%A0page%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20profileUrl%3D’https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fprofile%2Famzn1.account.’%20%2B%20profileId%0A%0A%09%23%20Put%20headers%20on%20the%20call%20that%20will%20make%20it%20mimic%20a%20call%20from%20a%20browser%20(this%20page%20won’t%20return%20anything%20if%20you%20try%20to%20cURL%20or%20wget%20from%20the%20terminal)%0A%20%20%20%20hdrs%20%3D%20%7B’User-Agent’%3A’Mozilla%2F5.0%20(iPad%3B%20CPU%20OS%2011_0%20like%20Mac%20OS%20X)%20AppleWebKit%2F604.1.34%20(KHTML%2C%20like%20Gecko)%20Version%2F11.0%20Mobile%2F15A5341f%20Safari%2F604.1’%2C%20’x-requested-with’%3A%20’XMLHttpRequest’%2C%20’origin’%3A%20’http%3A%2F%2Fevil.com%2F’%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%09%23%20Send%20the%20request%20with%20headers%0A%09req%20%3D%20urllib2.Request(profileUrl%2C%20headers%3Dhdrs)%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20profileContents%20%3D%20urllib2.urlopen(req).read()%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20Use%C2%A0regex%20to%20find%20the%20ranking%20on%20the%20page%0A%09matchObj%20%3D%20re.search(r’%22rank%22%3A%22(.*)%22%2C%22decoratedRank’%2C%20profileContents)%0A%0A%09%23%C2%A0Since%20we’re%20using%20a%20comma%20delimited%20file%2C%20we%20remove%20the%20comma%20from%20the%20number%C2%A0%0A%20%20%20%20userRank%20%3D%20matchObj.group(1).replace(‘%2C’%2C”)%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%09%23%20Return%20the%20string%20to%20be%20placed%20in%20the%20CSV%20file%0A%20%20%20%20return%20date%20%2B%20’%2C’%20%2B%20day%20%2B%20’%2C’%20%2B%20userRank%20%2B%20’%2C’%20%2B%20helpfulVotes%20%2B%20’%2C’%20%2B%20reviewCount%20%2B%20’%2C%5Cn’%0A%0A%0Adef%20getZoraAmazonStats(zoraAmazonId)%3A%0A%0A%20%20%20%20stats%20%3D%20amazonReviewStats(zoraAmazonId)%0A%09%23%20Includes%20path%20from%20root%20to%20the%C2%A0csv%20file%0A%20%20%20%20file%20%3D%20open(%22%2FUsers%2Fjrutz%2FDesktop%2Fstats%2FzoraAmazonStats.csv%22%2C%20%22a%22)%0A%20%20%20%20file.write(stats)%0A%20%20%20%20file.close()%0A%0AgetZoraAmazonStats(zoraAmazonId)” message=”getAmazonStats.py” highlight=”” provider=”manual”/]
This will make two calls and then concatenate the data into a string that is then appended to the CSV file. To call it directly, all you have to do is open your terminal and in the correct directory run python getAmazonStats.py
I actually run the scripts for retrieving Amazon data and Instagram data in the same file, so I only need to schedule one job for it. If you want to schedule a job you can use cron to automate this process (as long as your computer is on and connected to the internet)
I want to run python getAmazonStats.py every day at a time when I’m pretty sure my computer will be open/on. There are ways to make it run asynchronously, but I’m not quite that motivated today.
So I open up my terminal and enter
Jones-Mac:stats jrutz$ crontab -e
This opens up a VIM editor where I can then edit the cron jobs I have. The syntax of a cron job is as follows
minute hour day of month month day of week {script to be run}
I chose to run the scripts at 9:01am because with the exception of weekends, most days I will be awake/on my computer/have access to internet around this time. On my computer the file is called stats.py, but for this file it would look something like 1 9 * * * python /Users/jrutz/Desktop/stats/getAmazonStats.py
If you want to get really fancy with it, there are a half-dozen other ways to set schedules. For me, once a day will work just fine. All you have to do is save the file and voila! you’re done.
While I was automating my Instagram data collection, I figured I might as well automate the collection of my Amazon ranking data as well. I spent some time digging around the network calls so you don’t have to.
22,259 Followers In April of this year Instagram changed its API rates, meaning that a plethora of third-party apps reliant on retrieving that data went out of business and effectively shut down In English: A couple of months ago Instagram decided that third-party websites that …
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A requirement for being a content-creator is actually creating said content. Youtubers make videos, bloggers write posts, Facebook admins hunt for memes, and Instagrammers create visual images.
I know what you’re thinking: “Johna, all you do is take pictures of yourself on couches in pajamas and of laptops, how hard can that really be?” Let me try to explain why it’s so difficult.
The more regular it is, the more effective you’ll be in gaining and retaining followers. New content tends to be what attracts new followers because the algorithms behind-the-scenes are looking for the newest and greatest thing to propagate forward, they aren’t going to be tracking that gorgeous photo you posted four months ago.
That being said, creating content takes time. Whether your publishing cadence is once a week or once a day, at some point your normal life will get in the way. You’re going to get sick, there’ll be deadlines at work, you’ll have to travel unexpectedly, you’ll decide you want to cook dinner every night and start going to the gym, you’ll re-prioritize what you want to spend your time on, the list goes on and on. These things might last for a week or they might last for months, but it’s more than likely that you won’t be in control of when they happen and you’ll have to find a way to adjust.
Though content creators have themes (lifestyle, fashion, tech, cats, family, whatever your jam is) if you post the exact same photo more than once you’re going to eventually lose people. Whatever the medium is (unless you’re a celebrity) subscribers aren’t following you because of who you are, they’re interested in seeing what you’ll come up with next.
Post something that’s too similar to what you already have? You lose people. Post something that’s radically new and different? You’ll also lose people this way (you might also gain some new people, this one’s kind of toss-up).
In order to create content that’s almost-the-same-but-not-quite you’ll have to increasingly tap into your creativity. Sure there are 50 ways to photograph a computer, but can you find 51? Can you find 54? Can you still take yourself seriously? Can you create your idea in a way that’s on theme, high-quality, and ties into the larger narrative?
Oh yeah, did I forget to mention that…
Some of this will come naturally with practice. The timing of your videos will improve, your personal aesthetic will fall into place, you’ll learn how to make things efficiently (so they hopefully take up less of your time).
What goes unsaid is that in order to practice and improve it will also require an investment on your part:
It’s easy to make low-quality content and put it out into the universe, people do it all the time – creating high-quality content and putting it out into the universe is difficult. We tend to be our own harshest critics, and as you create content you’ll come to find that you don’t want to create something that’s worse than what you already have (e.g. you probably won’t post a gorgeous portrait on Monday and a grainy photo of pasta on Tuesday and expect a positive reaction from people). You want everything you put out there to succeed to some degree, and as you gain experience putting it out there you’ll have a better feel for how to achieve that success.
Combine the platform-driven need to post regularly, the subscriber-driven need to post “new” things, the internally driven need to improve, and it’s easy to get burned out by the absurdity of the whole system. For some, “a while” might be a few months while for others it might be a few years.
Honestly, I’m still working on this one. The good news (for you) is that I’ve had a lot of “life” come up recently so I’ve had a lot of time to think about this topic.
There’s a reason why bands and authors go on tour: tours present the illusion of the performer or writer being “relevant” and “new” even if they’re marketing material they created months or years ago. Unfortunately, those of us operating in the realm of digital content don’t have quite the same luxury – if I block myself from a particular platform for a year, I’ve self-selected into irrelevancy to the community.
Luckily, with Instagram, using the “stories” feature is the content-creator’s version of going on tour. For those unfamiliar with the platform, they’re videos/photos that only last 24 hours and are viewable by anyone, but tend to be watched most closely by the followers that already engage with your profile. They’re generally lower quality, are more lifestyle-y (e.g. “I went for a run”, “I’m at a coffee shop”, “I read an article”) so there’s more room for different types of content, and are a great way to remind people you’re not dead even if you aren’t posting on your feed.
When creativity seems to run dry, it’s often because you’re outputting so much that you’ve forgotten to take the time to remember where the creativity comes from. For some that might be spending time with family or friends, for me it involves reading and gardens, for someone else it might look like going to a new movie solo on a Tuesday night or learning a new pastry recipe.
Do it for you, not with the intention of pulling something publishable out of it (though if you happen to, that can be a bonus).
Our priorities change over time and that’s okay. There may come a time in your life where you prefer to post once a month instead of once a day or maybe you’ll decide that you want to move onto something else in your life – that’s completely natural. Regardless of how many followers you have, you’re not beholden to them to keep posting or creating content (unless they paid for something, then you’re beholden to them to follow through).
Whatever you opt to do, communicate it! That way if you decide to return to your former cadence, people will be pleasantly surprised and you won’t just be that person that disappeared off the face of the planet for a few months.
Creative fatigue can occur as a culmination of feeling pressured to post high quality, engaging content, on a cadence that no longer fits with what you can commit to. If you’re used to being brimming with ideas, it’s easy to feel washed up if none of your ideas meet your standards anymore (or if you don’t have the time to put in to make them happen). In those times it’s important to take time for yourself to do the things you love, remember that your followers/subscribers don’t own your life and it’s normal for your priorities to change, and it’s okay to take a break.
At 10:32pm on a Thursday night in March, my father and I cruised into the drop-off zone of Austin’s Convention Center to pick up our badges for South by Southwest (SxSW). After making friends with everyone at the registration table, figuring out how to light …